"""The folder is called "ode" but this module is "ivp" because in the future, there
might be more ode-based problems, such as bvp."""
# pylint: disable=unused-variable
import numpy as np
from probnum.diffeq.ode.ode import ODE
__all__ = ["logistic", "fitzhughnagumo", "lotkavolterra", "IVP"]
[docs]def logistic(timespan, initrv, params=(3.0, 1.0)):
"""Initial value problem (IVP) based on the logistic ODE.
The logistic ODE is defined through
.. math:: f(t, y) = a y \\left(1 - \\frac{y}{b}\\right)
for some parameters :math:`(a, b)`.
Default is :math:`(a, b)=(3.0, 1.0)`. This implementation includes
the Jacobian :math:`J_f` of :math:`f` as well as a closed form
solution given by
.. math:: f(t) = \\frac{b y_0 \\exp(a t)}{b + y_0 [\\exp(at) - 1]}
where :math:`y_0= y(t_0)` is the initial value.
Parameters
----------
timespan : (float, float)
Time span of IVP.
initrv : RandomVariable,
RandomVariable that describes the belief over the initial
value. Usually its distribution is Constant (noise-free)
or Normal (noisy). To replicate "classical" initial values
use the Constant distribution.
params : (float, float), optional
Parameters :math:`(a, b)` for the logistic IVP.
Default is :math:`(a, b) = (3.0, 1.0)`.
Returns
-------
IVP
IVP object describing the logistic IVP with the prescribed
configuration.
"""
def rhs(t, y):
return log_rhs(t, y, params)
def jac(t, y):
return log_jac(t, y, params)
def hess(t, y):
return log_hess(t, y, params)
def sol(t):
return log_sol(t, params, initrv.mean)
return IVP(timespan, initrv, rhs, jac, hess, sol)
def log_rhs(t, y, params):
"""RHS for logistic model."""
l0, l1 = params
return l0 * y * (1.0 - y / l1)
def log_jac(t, y, params):
"""Jacobian for logistic model."""
l0, l1 = params
return np.array([l0 - l0 / l1 * 2 * y])
def log_hess(t, y, params):
"""Hessian for logistic model."""
l0, l1 = params
return np.array([[-2 * l0 / l1]])
def log_sol(t, params, y0):
"""Solution for logistic model."""
l0, l1 = params
nomin = l1 * y0 * np.exp(l0 * t)
denom = l1 + y0 * (np.exp(l0 * t) - 1)
return nomin / denom
[docs]def fitzhughnagumo(timespan, initrv, params=(0.0, 0.08, 0.07, 1.25)):
"""Initial value problem (IVP) based on the FitzHugh-Nagumo model.
The FitzHugh-Nagumo (FHN) model is defined through
.. math:: f(t, y) =
\\begin{pmatrix} y_1 - \\frac{1}{3}y_1^3 - y_2 + a \\\\
\\frac{1}{d} (y_1 + b - c y_2) \\end{pmatrix}
for some parameters :math:`(a, b, c, d)`.
Default is :math:`(a, b)=(0.0, 0.08, 0.07, 1.25)`.
This implementation includes the Jacobian :math:`J_f` of :math:`f`.
Parameters
----------
timespan : (float, float)
Time span of IVP.
initrv : RandomVariable,
RandomVariable that describes the belief over the initial
value. Usually its distribution is Constant (noise-free)
or Normal (noisy). To replicate "classical" initial values
use the Constant distribution.
params : (float, float, float, float), optional
Parameters :math:`(a, b, c, d)` for the logistic IVP.
Default is :math:`(a, b, c, d)=(0.0, 0.08, 0.07, 1.25)`.
Returns
-------
IVP
IVP object describing the logistic IVP with the prescribed
configuration.
"""
def rhs(t, y):
return fhn_rhs(t, y, params)
def jac(t, y):
return fhn_jac(t, y, params)
return IVP(timespan, initrv, rhs, jac)
def fhn_rhs(t, y, params):
"""RHS for FitzHugh-Nagumo model."""
y1, y2 = y
a, b, c, d = params
return np.array([y1 - y1 ** 3.0 / 3.0 - y2 + a, (y1 + b - c * y2) / d])
def fhn_jac(t, y, params):
"""Jacobian for FitzHugh-Nagumo model."""
y1, y2 = y
a, b, c, d = params
return np.array([[1.0 - y1 ** 2.0, -1.0], [1.0 / d, -c / d]])
[docs]def lotkavolterra(timespan, initrv, params=(0.5, 0.05, 0.5, 0.05)):
"""Initial value problem (IVP) based on the Lotka-Volterra model.
The Lotka-Volterra (LV) model is defined through
.. math:: f(t, y) =
\\begin{pmatrix} a y_1 - by_1y_2 \\\\ -c y_2 + d y_1 y_2
\\end{pmatrix}
for some parameters :math:`(a, b, c, d)`.
Default is :math:`(a, b)=(0.5, 0.05, 0.5, 0.05)`.
This implementation includes the Jacobian :math:`J_f` of :math:`f`.
Parameters
----------
timespan : (float, float)
Time span of IVP.
initrv : RandomVariable,
RandomVariable that describes the belief over the initial
value. Usually its distribution is Constant (noise-free)
or Normal (noisy). To replicate "classical" initial values
use the Constant distribution.
params : (float, float, float, float), optional
Parameters :math:`(a, b, c, d)` for the logistic IVP.
Default is :math:`(a, b, c, d)=(0.5, 0.05, 0.5, 0.05)`.
Returns
-------
IVP
IVP object describing the logistic IVP with the prescribed
configuration.
"""
def rhs(t, y):
return lv_rhs(t, y, params)
def jac(t, y):
return lv_jac(t, y, params)
return IVP(timespan, initrv, rhs, jac)
def lv_rhs(t, y, params):
"""RHS for Lotka-Volterra."""
a, b, c, d = params
y1, y2 = y
return np.array([a * y1 - b * y1 * y2, -c * y2 + d * y1 * y2])
def lv_jac(t, y, params):
"""Jacobian for Lotka-Volterra."""
a, b, c, d = params
y1, y2 = y
return np.array([[a - b * y2, -b * y1], [d * y2, -c + d * y1]])
[docs]class IVP(ODE):
"""Initial value problems (IVP).
This class descibes initial value problems based on systems of
first order ordinary differential equations (ODEs),
.. math:: \\dot y(t) = f(t, y(t)), \\quad y(t_0) = y_0,
\\quad t \\in [t_0, T]
It provides options for defining custom right-hand side (RHS)
functions, their Jacobians and closed form solutions.
Since we use them for probabilistic ODE solvers these functions
fit into the probabilistic framework as well. That is,
the initial value is a RandomVariable object with some
distribution that reflects the prior belief over the initial
value. To recover "classical" initial values one can use the
Constant distribution.
Parameters
----------
timespan : (float, float)
Time span of IVP.
initrv : RandomVariable,
RandomVariable that describes the belief over the initial
value. Usually its distribution is Constant (noise-free)
or Normal (noisy). To replicate "classical" initial values
use the Constant distribution.
Implementation depends on the mean of this RandomVariable,
so please only use RandomVariable objects with available
means, e.g. Constants or Normals.
rhs : callable, signature: ``(t, y, **kwargs)``
RHS function
:math:`f : [0, T] \\times \\mathbb{R}^d \\rightarrow \\mathbb{R}^d`
of the ODE system. As such it takes a float and an
np.ndarray of shape (d,) and returns a np.ndarray
of shape (d,). As of now, no vectorization is supported
(nor needed).
jac : callable, signature: ``(t, y, **kwargs)``, optional
Jacobian of RHS function
:math:`J_f : [0, T] \\times \\mathbb{R}^d \\rightarrow \\mathbb{R}^d`
of the ODE system. As such it takes a float and an
np.ndarray of shape (d,) and returns a np.ndarray
of shape (d,). As of now, no vectorization is supported
(nor needed).
sol : callable, signature: ``(t, **kwargs)``, optional
Solution of IVP.
See Also
--------
ODE : Abstract interface for ordinary differential equations.
Examples
--------
>>> from probnum.diffeq import IVP
>>> rhsfun = lambda t, y, **kwargs: 2.0*y
>>> from probnum import random_variables as rvs
>>> initrv = rvs.Constant(0.1)
>>> timespan = (0, 10)
>>> ivp = IVP(timespan, initrv, rhsfun)
>>> print(ivp.rhs(0., 2.))
4.0
>>> print(ivp.timespan)
[0, 10]
>>> print(ivp.t0)
0
>>> initrv = rvs.Normal(0.1, 1.0)
>>> ivp = IVP(timespan, initrv, rhsfun)
>>> jac = lambda t, y, **kwargs: 2.0
>>> ivp = IVP(timespan, initrv, rhs=rhsfun, jac=jac)
>>> print(ivp.rhs(0., 2.))
4.0
>>> print(ivp.jacobian(100., -1))
2.0
"""
def __init__(self, timespan, initrv, rhs, jac=None, hess=None, sol=None):
self.initrv = initrv
super().__init__(timespan=timespan, rhs=rhs, jac=jac, hess=hess, sol=sol)
@property
def initialdistribution(self):
"""Distribution of the initial random variable."""
return self.initrv
@property
def initialrandomvariable(self):
"""Initial random variable."""
return self.initrv
@property
def dimension(self):
"""Spatial dimension of the IVP problem.
Depends on the mean of the initial random variable.
"""
if np.isscalar(self.initrv.mean):
return 1
else:
return len(self.initrv.mean)